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Quantitative research is characterized by the collection and analysis of numerical data. This type of research often employs statistical methods to understand relationships, test hypotheses, and make predictions based on measurable phenomena. The data collected in quantitative research can be transformed into usable statistics, allowing researchers to quantify behaviors, opinions, or other variables of interest.

In contrast, qualitative research is focused on understanding concepts, thoughts, or experiences and typically involves non-numerical data, such as interviews or open-ended survey responses. Observational research can be qualitative or quantitative depending on how the data is recorded. Descriptive research can also include both qualitative and quantitative approaches, but it typically refers more to collecting detailed descriptions rather than numerical data specifically. The emphasis in quantitative research on numerical data collection sets it apart from these other types.